Story by Naftali Bendavid, Scott Clement, Emily Guskin
Many American Jews sharply disapprove of Israel’s conduct of the war in Gaza, with 61 percent saying Israel has committed war crimes and about 4 in 10 saying the country is guilty of genocide against the Palestinians, according to a Washington Post poll.
The findings are striking, given the long-standing ties between the U.S. Jewish community and Israel, suggesting the potential for a historic breach over the Gaza war. Two years after Hamas militants poured into Israel on Oct. 7, 2023, killing some 1,200 people and taking 250 hostage, Israel’s retaliatory incursion has killed more than 67,000 Palestinians, according to the Gaza Health Ministry — which does not distinguish between combatants and civilians but says the majority of the dead are women and children — displaced many more, and led to widespread hunger in the territory.American Jews are particularly unhappy with the current Israeli government. Sixty-eight percent give negative marks to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s leadership of Israel, with 48 percent rating it “poor” — a 20-percentage-point jump from a Pew Research Center poll five years ago. But Jews also overwhelmingly blame Hamas, with 94 percent saying Hamas has committed war crimes against Israelis.
Jews in the poll are almost evenly divided over Israel’s actions in Gaza, with 46 percent approving and 48 percent opposing. That remains more supportive than many other groups: Among all Americans, 32 percent approved of Israel’s actions and 60 percent disapproved, according to a July Gallup poll.
Many of those who spoke to The Post in follow-up interviews said they supported Israel’s military incursion at first, given the brutality of the Hamas attack and the need to respond. But as the war has dragged on, with reports of atrocities accumulating and little evident progress, they have recoiled at Israel’s actions.
“Initially, Israel in a sense had no choice. You can’t let your national security be threatened that way,” said Julia Seidman, 42, a writer from Issaquah, Washington. “But in no way does that justify what is happening now, two years later. The amount of human suffering that we are seeing now … I’m just disgusted.”
Still, the poll finds that many American Jews retain strong emotional, cultural and political bonds with Israel and its identity as a Jewish state. About three-quarters, 76 percent, believe Israel’s existence is vital for the future of the Jewish people, and 58 percent say they have some or a lot in common with Israeli Jews.
“When things get tough, the first suspects and therefore the first victims are Jews, so I think the existence of Israel is very important to the Jewish people,” said Bob Haas, 71, a business consultant in Devon, Pennsylvania, whose grandfather fled to the United States to escape pogroms in Poland. “But the way the Netanyahu government has conducted itself does nothing to safeguard Jews, in Israel or around the world.”
The poll reflects a community in deep turmoil, with multifaceted and sometimes conflicting feelings about the Jewish state 77 years after its founding. The Gaza war in a sense accelerated trends that were already underway, as a relatively liberal U.S. Jewish community has for years been edging away from an increasingly militant and conservative Israeli leadership.
The Gaza war has also torn apart the population of Israel itself, with tens of thousands of Israelis regularly taking to the streets to protest policies that are isolating the country globally. Many Israelis say Netanyahu is prolonging the war for his own political benefit, hoping to postpone his corruption trial and an inquiry into the security failures of Oct. 7.
The growing divide between American Jews and Israel may have consequences for U.S. politics as well. Top Democrats, including Jewish lawmakers, are far more critical of Israel than in the past, and they arguably face less risk of a backlash from Jewish voters deeply skeptical of Netanyahu.
When the Senate in July voted on two resolutions to block the sale of arms to Israel, most Democrats voted yes, although the resolutions failed in the face of Republican opposition. The resolutions were offered by Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont), who is both a prominent Jewish politician and a leading voice urging consequences for Israel’s actions in Gaza.
Also in July, Senate Minority Leader Charles E. Schumer (D-New York) and other Jewish senators, including California’s Adam Schiff and Hawaii’s Brian Schatz, led a call for a major expansion of humanitarian aid in Gaza. Schumer last year called for Netanyahu to step down and allow new elections.
The mix of emotions among many Jews — concern for Israel combined with abhorrence at its behavior — has yielded complicated feelings about how much America should keep supporting the Jewish state, the poll suggests. Most American Jews, about 6 in 10, say they want the U.S. to keep sending military aid for Israel’s fight against Hamas.
But when the merits of the U.S.-Israel alliance are divorced from the Gaza war, 47 percent say U.S. support for Israel is at about the right level, with 32 percent — about a third — saying the U.S. is too supportive of Israel and 20 percent saying it is not supportive enough. The share saying the U.S. supports Israel too much is up 10 points since 2020 and 21 points since 2013 compared with Pew surveys conducted those years.
Max Parke, 38, a software engineer in Brooklyn, said the fastest way to improve conditions in Gaza is for the U.S. to restrict aid to Israel or impose conditions on it.
“Jewish principles would say we need to respect everyone’s humanity,” he said. “In Israel, that is not the case; it privileges Jewishness in countless policies, without following actual Jewish principles.”
President Donald Trump, unlike many Democrats, has strongly embraced Netanyahu’s prosecution of the war in Gaza. Still, his pro-Israel message sometimes appears aimed more at his conservative and evangelical Christian supporters than at American Jews, who he has complained are insufficiently appreciative of his positions on the Middle East.
Trump and Netanyahu met at the White House on Monday, and Trump put forward a multipart peace deal for Gaza that Netanyahu said he accepted.
But with 22 hostages remaining in captivity, many complications remain. Hamas said on Friday that it would accept the deal to release all the hostages, but with unstated conditions and a call for continued negotiations over many of the details.
Among the poll’s most striking findings is the relatively large minority of American Jews who believe that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza.
The term genocide was introduced in 1944, amid revelations of the Nazis’ killing of millions of Jews and a sense that a new word was needed to describe the enormity of trying to wipe out an ethnic group. The state of Israel, born four years later, was seen by many Zionist leaders as a safeguard against anything like the Holocaust happening again.
The accusation that Israel itself is committing genocide — reiterated by a team of United Nations experts last month — has prompted furious reactions. Netanyahu’s government sharply denounced it, saying it mischaracterizes a war aimed at defeating a terrorist group after a savage attack.
Yet a significant minority of American Jews agree with the U.N. panel’s conclusion.
In the poll, respondents were told that the United Nations defines genocide as “acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.” Asked whether they thought Israel had committed genocide in Gaza, 39 percent said yes, 51 percent said no, and 10 percent had no opinion.
Dana Witten, 59, who lives in Boston, was among those respondents who rejected the genocide allegation. The Israelis are clearly not trying to eliminate all Palestinians the way the Nazis sought to erase every Jew, he said.
“To call it a genocide is a false equivalence to in some ways demean the Jews, because they should know better or something,” Witten said. “I don’t understand that. And it’s harmful to the discourse. It’s craziness to say it’s genocide.”
In an illustration of how the genocide question has split the Jewish community, Seidman, the writer from Washington state, said she and her husband have had “repeated disagreements” about it. Seidman said she is not an expert on the definition of genocide but is open to the possibility that it is occurring.
“He believes you shouldn’t use the word unless it absolutely meets the textbook definition,” Seidman said. “It’s not because he thinks what is going on is excusable; it’s certainly not. But if we muddy the waters by calling it genocide when it’s not, he thinks we risk losing the moral authority. I am much less certain about that.”
The Post poll also revealed a generational divide. While 56 percent of Jewish Americans overall say they are emotionally attached to Israel, among those ages 18 to 34, that drops to 36 percent. But that share rises steadily for older groups, jumping to 68 percent for those over 65. Younger Jews are also more likely to say Israel has committed genocide, with 50 percent of those ages 18 to 34 saying so and the number hovering in the 30s among older groups.
On other issues, the generations are far more aligned. More than 80 percent of Jews of all ages said they are concerned about civilian deaths in Gaza and Israeli hostages still being held by Hamas. And majorities across age groups say they are concerned about the safety of Israeli soldiers in Gaza and the threat Hamas poses to Israel.
Jewish Americans’ views of the war also split sharply by partisanship, gender and education. More than 8 in 10 Jewish Republicans support Israel’s military actions in Gaza, compared with about half of independents and roughly 3 in 10 Democrats. A 56 percent majority of men approve, while 55 percent of Jewish women disapprove. And although 54 percent of Jews with some college education or less approve of Israel’s actions, that falls to 47 percent among those with bachelor’s degrees and 36 percent of postgraduates.
Overall, American Jews’ view of the situation unfolding in Gaza appears to be that everyone involved bears some culpability. Asked who is responsible for the war’s continuation, 91 percent say Hamas bears responsibility, 80 percent say Israel does and 86 percent say Netanyahu bears responsibility. A 61 percent majority holds the U.S. responsible.
But as reports of hunger and starvation multiply, 59 percent of American Jews say Israel is not doing enough to allow food into the territory, while 30 percent say it is doing enough. Israel has denied that people are starving in Gaza, questioning international organizations that say otherwise and insisting it has made efforts to improve the humanitarian conditions.
Despite the bleak assessment, many Jews remain optimistic that Israelis and Palestinians can ultimately reach a peace agreement. The poll finds that 59 percent say a way can be found for Israel and an independent Palestine to coexist peacefully, while 41 percent disagree.
Yet challenges are apparent even in this modestly hopeful outlook.
Sixty-two percent of American Jews say it would be acceptable for Gaza to be governed by an elected Palestinian government, and only 4 percent say it would be acceptable for it to be governed by Hamas. Yet when elections were held in the Palestinian territories in 2006, it was Hamas that emerged victorious.
For many Jews, the rise in antisemitism has only bolstered the sense that a Jewish state is necessary.
“I think that it’s the only place they can call home,” Witten said. “It’s certainly the only place that can feel, you can’t say safe, but at least they have a place they can defend. It’s hard. When there is antisemitism running rampant in Europe and our own country, at the highest levels of academia, what does a Jew do?”
But for Jews like Parke, Israel has forfeited any claim to represent the Jewish people. He said he has taken to distinguishing between Israel as a nation, a land and a state.
“As a nation, the Jewish people around the world, that is a connection I feel,” Parke said. “Israel as a place, a land where we have history, that is a connection I could see myself having. But Israel the state — even though it has the same name as the land and the people, it does not speak for me.”
The Washington Post poll was conducted Sept. 2-9, among a random national sample of 815 Jewish Americans drawn through SSRS’s Opinion Panel, an ongoing survey panel recruited through random sampling of U.S. households. The margin of sampling error is plus or minus 4.7 percentage points.
The sample includes adults who identify as Jewish by religion as well as those who identify as adults with no religious affiliation but Jewish ethnically, culturally or through their family background — and either were raised Jewish or have a parent who is Jewish.
In all, 76 percent of the sample was Jewish by religion and 24 percent was Jewish without a religious affiliation.
Jews in the poll are almost evenly divided over Israel’s actions in Gaza, with 46 percent approving and 48 percent opposing. That remains more supportive than many other groups: Among all Americans, 32 percent approved of Israel’s actions and 60 percent disapproved, according to a July Gallup poll.
Many of those who spoke to The Post in follow-up interviews said they supported Israel’s military incursion at first, given the brutality of the Hamas attack and the need to respond. But as the war has dragged on, with reports of atrocities accumulating and little evident progress, they have recoiled at Israel’s actions.
“Initially, Israel in a sense had no choice. You can’t let your national security be threatened that way,” said Julia Seidman, 42, a writer from Issaquah, Washington. “But in no way does that justify what is happening now, two years later. The amount of human suffering that we are seeing now … I’m just disgusted.”
Still, the poll finds that many American Jews retain strong emotional, cultural and political bonds with Israel and its identity as a Jewish state. About three-quarters, 76 percent, believe Israel’s existence is vital for the future of the Jewish people, and 58 percent say they have some or a lot in common with Israeli Jews.
“When things get tough, the first suspects and therefore the first victims are Jews, so I think the existence of Israel is very important to the Jewish people,” said Bob Haas, 71, a business consultant in Devon, Pennsylvania, whose grandfather fled to the United States to escape pogroms in Poland. “But the way the Netanyahu government has conducted itself does nothing to safeguard Jews, in Israel or around the world.”
The poll reflects a community in deep turmoil, with multifaceted and sometimes conflicting feelings about the Jewish state 77 years after its founding. The Gaza war in a sense accelerated trends that were already underway, as a relatively liberal U.S. Jewish community has for years been edging away from an increasingly militant and conservative Israeli leadership.
The Gaza war has also torn apart the population of Israel itself, with tens of thousands of Israelis regularly taking to the streets to protest policies that are isolating the country globally. Many Israelis say Netanyahu is prolonging the war for his own political benefit, hoping to postpone his corruption trial and an inquiry into the security failures of Oct. 7.
The growing divide between American Jews and Israel may have consequences for U.S. politics as well. Top Democrats, including Jewish lawmakers, are far more critical of Israel than in the past, and they arguably face less risk of a backlash from Jewish voters deeply skeptical of Netanyahu.
When the Senate in July voted on two resolutions to block the sale of arms to Israel, most Democrats voted yes, although the resolutions failed in the face of Republican opposition. The resolutions were offered by Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont), who is both a prominent Jewish politician and a leading voice urging consequences for Israel’s actions in Gaza.
Also in July, Senate Minority Leader Charles E. Schumer (D-New York) and other Jewish senators, including California’s Adam Schiff and Hawaii’s Brian Schatz, led a call for a major expansion of humanitarian aid in Gaza. Schumer last year called for Netanyahu to step down and allow new elections.
The mix of emotions among many Jews — concern for Israel combined with abhorrence at its behavior — has yielded complicated feelings about how much America should keep supporting the Jewish state, the poll suggests. Most American Jews, about 6 in 10, say they want the U.S. to keep sending military aid for Israel’s fight against Hamas.
But when the merits of the U.S.-Israel alliance are divorced from the Gaza war, 47 percent say U.S. support for Israel is at about the right level, with 32 percent — about a third — saying the U.S. is too supportive of Israel and 20 percent saying it is not supportive enough. The share saying the U.S. supports Israel too much is up 10 points since 2020 and 21 points since 2013 compared with Pew surveys conducted those years.
Max Parke, 38, a software engineer in Brooklyn, said the fastest way to improve conditions in Gaza is for the U.S. to restrict aid to Israel or impose conditions on it.
“Jewish principles would say we need to respect everyone’s humanity,” he said. “In Israel, that is not the case; it privileges Jewishness in countless policies, without following actual Jewish principles.”
President Donald Trump, unlike many Democrats, has strongly embraced Netanyahu’s prosecution of the war in Gaza. Still, his pro-Israel message sometimes appears aimed more at his conservative and evangelical Christian supporters than at American Jews, who he has complained are insufficiently appreciative of his positions on the Middle East.
Trump and Netanyahu met at the White House on Monday, and Trump put forward a multipart peace deal for Gaza that Netanyahu said he accepted.
But with 22 hostages remaining in captivity, many complications remain. Hamas said on Friday that it would accept the deal to release all the hostages, but with unstated conditions and a call for continued negotiations over many of the details.
Among the poll’s most striking findings is the relatively large minority of American Jews who believe that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza.
The term genocide was introduced in 1944, amid revelations of the Nazis’ killing of millions of Jews and a sense that a new word was needed to describe the enormity of trying to wipe out an ethnic group. The state of Israel, born four years later, was seen by many Zionist leaders as a safeguard against anything like the Holocaust happening again.
The accusation that Israel itself is committing genocide — reiterated by a team of United Nations experts last month — has prompted furious reactions. Netanyahu’s government sharply denounced it, saying it mischaracterizes a war aimed at defeating a terrorist group after a savage attack.
Yet a significant minority of American Jews agree with the U.N. panel’s conclusion.
In the poll, respondents were told that the United Nations defines genocide as “acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.” Asked whether they thought Israel had committed genocide in Gaza, 39 percent said yes, 51 percent said no, and 10 percent had no opinion.
Dana Witten, 59, who lives in Boston, was among those respondents who rejected the genocide allegation. The Israelis are clearly not trying to eliminate all Palestinians the way the Nazis sought to erase every Jew, he said.
“To call it a genocide is a false equivalence to in some ways demean the Jews, because they should know better or something,” Witten said. “I don’t understand that. And it’s harmful to the discourse. It’s craziness to say it’s genocide.”
In an illustration of how the genocide question has split the Jewish community, Seidman, the writer from Washington state, said she and her husband have had “repeated disagreements” about it. Seidman said she is not an expert on the definition of genocide but is open to the possibility that it is occurring.
“He believes you shouldn’t use the word unless it absolutely meets the textbook definition,” Seidman said. “It’s not because he thinks what is going on is excusable; it’s certainly not. But if we muddy the waters by calling it genocide when it’s not, he thinks we risk losing the moral authority. I am much less certain about that.”
The Post poll also revealed a generational divide. While 56 percent of Jewish Americans overall say they are emotionally attached to Israel, among those ages 18 to 34, that drops to 36 percent. But that share rises steadily for older groups, jumping to 68 percent for those over 65. Younger Jews are also more likely to say Israel has committed genocide, with 50 percent of those ages 18 to 34 saying so and the number hovering in the 30s among older groups.
On other issues, the generations are far more aligned. More than 80 percent of Jews of all ages said they are concerned about civilian deaths in Gaza and Israeli hostages still being held by Hamas. And majorities across age groups say they are concerned about the safety of Israeli soldiers in Gaza and the threat Hamas poses to Israel.
Jewish Americans’ views of the war also split sharply by partisanship, gender and education. More than 8 in 10 Jewish Republicans support Israel’s military actions in Gaza, compared with about half of independents and roughly 3 in 10 Democrats. A 56 percent majority of men approve, while 55 percent of Jewish women disapprove. And although 54 percent of Jews with some college education or less approve of Israel’s actions, that falls to 47 percent among those with bachelor’s degrees and 36 percent of postgraduates.
Overall, American Jews’ view of the situation unfolding in Gaza appears to be that everyone involved bears some culpability. Asked who is responsible for the war’s continuation, 91 percent say Hamas bears responsibility, 80 percent say Israel does and 86 percent say Netanyahu bears responsibility. A 61 percent majority holds the U.S. responsible.
But as reports of hunger and starvation multiply, 59 percent of American Jews say Israel is not doing enough to allow food into the territory, while 30 percent say it is doing enough. Israel has denied that people are starving in Gaza, questioning international organizations that say otherwise and insisting it has made efforts to improve the humanitarian conditions.
Despite the bleak assessment, many Jews remain optimistic that Israelis and Palestinians can ultimately reach a peace agreement. The poll finds that 59 percent say a way can be found for Israel and an independent Palestine to coexist peacefully, while 41 percent disagree.
Yet challenges are apparent even in this modestly hopeful outlook.
Sixty-two percent of American Jews say it would be acceptable for Gaza to be governed by an elected Palestinian government, and only 4 percent say it would be acceptable for it to be governed by Hamas. Yet when elections were held in the Palestinian territories in 2006, it was Hamas that emerged victorious.
For many Jews, the rise in antisemitism has only bolstered the sense that a Jewish state is necessary.
“I think that it’s the only place they can call home,” Witten said. “It’s certainly the only place that can feel, you can’t say safe, but at least they have a place they can defend. It’s hard. When there is antisemitism running rampant in Europe and our own country, at the highest levels of academia, what does a Jew do?”
But for Jews like Parke, Israel has forfeited any claim to represent the Jewish people. He said he has taken to distinguishing between Israel as a nation, a land and a state.
“As a nation, the Jewish people around the world, that is a connection I feel,” Parke said. “Israel as a place, a land where we have history, that is a connection I could see myself having. But Israel the state — even though it has the same name as the land and the people, it does not speak for me.”
The Washington Post poll was conducted Sept. 2-9, among a random national sample of 815 Jewish Americans drawn through SSRS’s Opinion Panel, an ongoing survey panel recruited through random sampling of U.S. households. The margin of sampling error is plus or minus 4.7 percentage points.
The sample includes adults who identify as Jewish by religion as well as those who identify as adults with no religious affiliation but Jewish ethnically, culturally or through their family background — and either were raised Jewish or have a parent who is Jewish.
In all, 76 percent of the sample was Jewish by religion and 24 percent was Jewish without a religious affiliation.
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